Understanding Separation Anxiety Disorder

Separation anxiety disorder involves an excessive and irrational fear of being apart from someone to whom you have a strong emotional attachment. While it is a common anxiety disorder in early childhood, it can become a concern if the intensity is too high or the age and situation are not suitable.

Previously, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders only recognized separation anxiety disorder in children and adolescents. However, in 2013, the fifth edition expanded the diagnosis to include adults. There are notable differences between children and adults experiencing separation anxiety, particularly in terms of the attachment figures. For children, these figures tend to be parents and caregivers, while for adults, they are usually their children, spouses, or romantic partners.

Identifying Symptoms of Separation Anxiety

The symptoms of separation anxiety can differ greatly between adults and children. To be diagnosed with this disorder, symptoms must interfere with everyday activities. Some common signs of separation anxiety include:

• Feeling anxious or distressed when anticipating the departure of an attachment figure
• Excessive worry about something terrible happening to the attachment figure, preventing their return
• Fear of becoming lost or being kidnapped
• Anxiety about being away from the attachment figure, such as when attending school or sleeping away from home
• Fear of being home alone
• Avoidance of being alone
• Reluctance to go to school
• Nightmares focused on separation themes
• Bedwetting
• Difficulty concentrating
• Struggling with social interactions
• Social withdrawal
• Declining academic performance
• Irritability

Typically, symptoms persist for at least four weeks in children but can last considerably longer in adults. Separation anxiety can lead to challenges in academic, professional, social, and personal aspects of life, hindering the individual's ability to function healthily in their daily routines.

Understanding Separation Anxiety in Different Age Groups

Separation Anxiety in Infants

Separation anxiety is a typical developmental phase that may emerge between nine and 18 months. Symptoms in babies and toddlers can involve crying when a parent or caregiver leaves the room, waking up and crying after previously sleeping through the night, resistance to sleep without a parent nearby, and clinginess or crying in unfamiliar situations.

Some toddlers may not display separation anxiety during infancy, but may develop it later on. Most toddlers overcome separation anxiety before starting preschool, but for approximately 3% of children, it persists into elementary school.

Separation Anxiety in School-Aged Children

Separation anxiety is the most prevalent anxiety disorder among children. Symptoms often surface in the third or fourth grade. At this stage, children may be reluctant to sleep alone, experience recurring nightmares about separation, worry excessively about being away from home or family, panic when separated from parents or caregivers, and become overly clingy. Physical symptoms, such as headaches and stomachaches, may also manifest during this period. Around 8% of children over 13 continue to experience separation anxiety into adolescence.

Separation Anxiety in Adults

Adults dealing with separation anxiety may display controlling behaviors when separated from their attachment figure, such as making constant phone calls or frequently checking in. They might struggle to fall asleep when alone and worry that something terrible will happen to their loved ones while they are apart. While children and teenagers may exhibit physical symptoms like headaches and stomachaches, adults are more prone to experiencing anxiety and panic attacks.

Managing Separation Anxiety: Strategies and Treatments

Helping a Child Cope with Separation Anxiety

If your child displays signs of separation anxiety, consider using these approaches to help them manage their feelings:

1. Prepare them for changes in routine: Discuss upcoming events or changes, such as returning to school after a break or different pick-up arrangements, so they know what to expect and can feel more at ease.
2. Keep transitions brief: Create a goodbye ritual that is short and positive, reassuring your child that you will return at a specified time.
3. Validate their emotions: Acknowledge and empathize with their feelings, but try to shift their focus to something positive after a few minutes of listening.
4. Be consistent: Stick to your word about leaving and returning times to help build trust and security.
5. Practice patience: Give your child time to adjust to new routines or changes, involving them in decision-making whenever possible.
6. Seek support: Collaborate with other adults in your child's life, such as teachers or caregivers, to ensure they feel comfortable when away from you.
7. Consult a professional: If your child continues to struggle, contact their pediatrician for further guidance.

Addressing Separation Anxiety in Adults

If you or someone you know is experiencing symptoms of separation anxiety that negatively impact daily life, consider seeking assistance from a mental health professional. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) can be an effective treatment, with online therapy offering a convenient option.

Online therapy has numerous advantages, particularly for busy parents who may struggle to leave their children due to separation anxiety or other concerns. Accessible from any location with an internet connection, online therapy allows you to contact your therapist at any time.

Studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of online CBT. One research project found that participants experienced significant improvements in depression and anxiety scores 12 weeks after the intervention, with the results sustained six months post-treatment.

In Summary

While separation anxiety is a typical developmental phase for infants and toddlers, some children and adolescents may continue to experience symptoms for an extended period. If your child exhibits signs of separation anxiety, consult with their pediatrician to identify appropriate next steps.

For adults, separation anxiety may manifest differently, with symptoms such as panic and anxiety attacks that can significantly impact daily life and relationships. Seeking assistance from an online therapist can provide valuable support in managing these emotions.